I promised this post last Wednesday night during our Transformation Journey session on the book of Matthew. I’ll be summarizing the information I shared regarding different social groups and other developments that are helpful for understanding the New Testament.
The Synagogue
The synagogue is a component of Jewish life that develops after the Israelites are exiled from the Holy Land following the Assyrian takeover of Israel in 722 BC and the Babylonian takeover in 586 BC. Separate from the Temple in Jerusalem the focus of Jewish religious practice shifts from the sacrificial system to the study of the law and an emphasis on personal piety. This is also known as the rise of “Rabbinical Judaism.” The “Rabbi” as the “teacher of the law” becomes the dominate religious leader in the community.
Saducees
The Saducees were the aristocrats who controlled the Temple and the High Priesthood at the time of Jesus. As the representatives of the Romans among the Jews, this group had a vested interested in maintaining the status quo. The Saducees rejected all religious writings outside of the Torah and rejected any and all doctrines not found within the Torah including the “Resurrection of the dead.” The direct threat to the Saducees, outside of the threat they saw in Jesus, would have been the Pharisees and particularly, the Rabbi’s whose authority with the people caused tension with the priesthood.
Pharisees
The Pharisees were the party of the synagogue, and were filled with the Rabbi’s who instructed the people. Their main emphasis as ethical [following the law] rather than theological. They believed in the Resurrection of the dead and the idea of reward and retribution after death. The power of the Pharisees derived from their power with the people. It was not only their proximity to the common person, but also the disciplines they supported which gave a sense of control in a chaotic time which made this group a popular segment of Jewish life.
Essenes
The Essenese were a small, separatist group who stressed strict legal observance of the Torah, but considered the priesthood and the Temple system entirely corrupt. They stressed a strong devotion to personal purity and believed their small communities to be a place to prepare for the “final day of the Lord.” They stressed communal ownership of property, daily worship and study and participation in the sacrifices, though not at the Temple.
Zealots
The Zealots were those who opposed any payments of taxes to the Roman Caesar viewing them as an affront to their singular devotion to God. The Zealots endorsed the use of violence to achieve their desired end; the removal of the Romans from the Holy Land. The Zealots also opposed the use of Greek in the Holy land considering it an “unholy” language unfit for the Jewish people.